The first number designates the input fiber and N designates the amount of output fibers (e.g. 1X2, 1X8, etc.)

The portion of optical attenuation in optical fiber resulting from the conversion of optical power to heat. Caused by impurities in the fiber such as hydroxyl ions.

Abbreviation for alternating current. An electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals.

The half-angle of the cone (a) within which incident light is totally internally reflected by the fiber core.  It is equal to sin-1(NA)

A device that requires a source of energy for its operation and has an output that is a function of present and past input signals. Examples include controlled power supplies, transistors, LEDs, amplifiers, and transmitters.

Stands for “asymmetric digital subscriber line.” This is the standard line used for DSL internet, and means that the upload and download lines are a different size or bandwidth. Usually the download bandwidth is larger, since download speeds are considered to be more important (for most people) than upload speeds. It is mostly used on telephone lines, usually ver popular with main telecommuniction operators in the country. ADSL is very random in Myanmar.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the official American standards body through which standards are published, and various other standards-setting committees are accredited.

A device, inserted within a transmission path that boosts the strength of an electronic or optical signal. Amplifiers may be placed just after the transmitter (power booster), at a distance between the transmitter and the receiver (in-line amplifier), or just before the receiver (preamplifier).
Amplifier

A continuously variable signal. Opposite of digital.

Android is a name mobile operating system which was developed by Google company. It is used by many smart phones and tablets. ... The Android operating system (OS) is based on the Linux kernel. 

A polishing technique for fibers/ferrules that minimizes reflective light. A style of fiber-optic connector with a 5 -15 degree able on the connector tip for the minimum possible back reflection.   Usually used in AM or DWDM single-mode transmission systems using laser light sources. Typically 65-70 dB.

Fibers built for specific applications such as erbium fibers used in EDFA optical amplifiers. Other types include high N.A. fibers used for manufacturing filters and gratings, etc.

A device that allows multiple wavelengths to be combined and separated in a DWDM system. An array of planar waveguides diffracts light at angles that depend on the wavelength. The central element is an array of narrow, curved waveguides that run parallel to each other between a pair of mixing regions. The waveguides differ in length by an increment that is much larger than the wavelength. The input signal enters the first mixing region and is coupled into the waveguides to pass into the second mixing region.

The loss of optical power, whether caused intrinsically (absorption, scattering and microbends), or by extrinsic components such as connectors, splices, splitters and other optical components. External stresses such as microbends and macrobends result in fiber attenuation. The term can also be used synonymously with attenuation coefficient, which is expressed in dB/km.

Either fixed or variable components that are manufactured for testing electro-optical components or to incorporate a specific amount of loss into an operational optical network. Attenuators also provide a “safety margin” in planned networks to allow for electronics degradation over time, or physical changes to the optical component portion of the network. Available as fixed with specific amounts of attenuation or a variable optical attenuator (VOA) where the attenuation value can be changed for testing optical components or systems.

Passive components that produce a controlled signal attenuation in an optical fiber transmission line.

Test equipment that is computer programmed to perform a number of test measurements on a device without the need for changing the test setup. Especially useful in testing components and assemblies.

A photodiode designed to take advantage of avalanche multiplication of photocurrent. It converts one photon to multiple electrons.

A percent of the transmitted signal reflected back towards the source from a fiber-optic interface. Referenced in dB.

The ratio of the optical pulse power (not energy) at the OTDR output to the backscatter power at the near end of the fiber (z=0). This ratio is inversely proportional to the pulsewidth, because the optical pulse power is independent. It is expressed in dB.

The scattering of light into a direction generally reverse to the original one.

A range of optical spectrum allocated based on optical amplifiers. Six bands are specified: O (original), E (enhanced), S (short), C (conventional), L (long), and U (ultra). These cover the optical spectrum from 1260 nm to 1675 nm.

How much data can be transferred at one time; usually measured in Mbps. Often confused with internet speed.

The difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies of a transmission channel or path. Identifies the amount of data that can be sent through a given channel. The greater the bandwidth, the greater the information-carrying capacity.

A design that uses a birefringent crystal. They are used in optical couplers, optical switches, and optical isolators.

A passive-optical coupler that uses simple optical lenses with a reflective coating tailored to control the split ratio of the device.

The smallest radius an optical fiber or fiber cable can bend before excessive attenuation of breakage occurs.

The fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly. The number of coding violations detected in a unit of time.

Operating in both directions.

A device that sends information in one direction and receives information from the opposite direction.

Base two numbers with only two values, 0 or 1.

A measurement of transmission accuracy. It is a ratio of bits received in error versus bits sent.

Test equipment that measures the bit error rate (BET) of digital transmission systems.

Blootooth is a standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices. This wireless technology enables digital devices to easily transfer files at high speed. It is common in many portable devices such as laptops, PDAs, mobile phones, smartphones and tablets.

A technique for building optical filtering functions directly into a piece of optical fiber based on interferometric techniques.

Just other term being used to describe high speed internet service.

A high-speed switch to transfer an optical signal to an alternate fiber.

The C-band is the “conventional” DWDM transmission band, occupying the 1530 to 1565-nm wavelength range. All DWDM systems deployed prior to the year 2000 operated in the C-band.

Cable is a high speed connection that enables you to access the internet. It uses the same type of cable (connection) to access cable TV.

A quantification of system noise. The ratio, expressed in decibels, of the level of the carrier to that of the noise in the receiver bandwidth before any nonlinear process such as amplitude limiting and detection takes place.

In a laser, the nominal value central operating wavelength. It is the wavelength defined by a peak mode measurement where the effective optical power resides.

The optical circulator allows for optical add/drop multiplexing in conjunction of integrating a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and is commonly used in long haul, metropolitan area networks and networks. In a circulator, the internal passive components are arranged so that light passes from port 1 to 2, from port 2 to 3 and from port 3 to 4 while preventing it from traveling in the opposite direction. Because each level of the circulator is identical, the steps can be repeated as many times as necessary.

Material that surrounds the core of an optical fiber. Its lower index of refraction compared to that of the core causes the transmitted light to travel down the core.

A company that provides alternative services to customers that were historically served by local telephone companies. These services are normally data and video transport that the existing telephone network cannot handle.

That actually means that third party servers that are made available for digital (data/file) storage of data. For example, you can store your family photos and important documents at those servers without buying expensive own devices.

Applies to greater separation of wavelengths than DWDM. In the case of single-mode applications CWDM defines 20-nm separation from 1270nm to 1610nm, with 1470nm to 1610nm the most commonly used wavelengths. With multimode fibers, the wavelengths are 778, 800, 825 and 850 nm.

The material surrounding the cladding of a fiber. Generally a soft plastic material that protects the fiber from damage.

A device, also called an encoder, that converts data by the use of a code, frequently consisting of binary numbers in such a manner that reconversion to the original form is possible.

The process of connecting pieces of fiber together.

An optical device used to interconnect three or more optical fibers. Also called a splitter. Can be equal splits or a percentage, e.g., 10/90%. These have a number of characteristics that determine their function and application, including the number of input and output ports, signal attenuation, wavelength selectivity, et al.

The total optical power loss within a junction, expressed in decibels, attributed to the termination of the optical conductor.

Coupling ratio is a measure of how a device distributes light from its inputs to its outputs. It is expressed as either a percentage or in dB.

A map that shows you where you can go (or live) and still have a use of the internet or a 3G or 4G wireless network. Each internet service provider will have his own and  unique coverage map.

The maximum angle at which light can be propagated within a fiber. Sine critical angle equals the ratio of the numerical aperture to the index of refraction of the fiber core.

Carrier suppressed return-to-zero differential quadrature phase shift keying. These technologies make it possible to generate DWDM signals with bit rates of 100 Gbps and beyond per channel and transmit them over long distances.

In single-mode fiber, the wavelength below which the fiber ceases to be single-mode.

A general expression to describe content that someone might upload or download to their computer or phone via the internet, such as videos, emails, web pages and music.

The number of bits of information in a transmission system. Expressed in bits per second and which may or may not be equal to the signal rate.

A logarithmic unit describing the ratio of loss of power per kilometer distance.

Decibels relative to one milliwatt. A positive number indicates the power is above one milliwatt; a negative number indicates the power is below. This unit has become common in fiber-optic communication systems because the power of light sources used with optical fibers is on the order of one milliwatt.

A logarithmic unit describing the ratio of two powers. Used to measure loss (or attenuation) of quality, reflectance, and amplification of optical signals. The ratio of two power levels, P1 and P2, expressed by –10 log10(P1/P2).

P1 and P2, expressed by -10 log10(P1/P2).

A device that separates the two or more signals that have been combined into a common signal. An optical demultiplexer filters signals at different wavelengths.

Combining four or more wavelengths into an optical window (e.g., 1550 nm). DWDM devices have a channel spacing less than or equal to 1000 GHz and can cover one or more spectral bands.

A device that converts optical energy to electrical energy, such as PIN or APD photodiodes.

A delay caused by different arrival times of optical signals, which causes dispersion. In multimode fibers it is the delay difference of the various modes, whereas in single-mode fibers it is the delay caused by chromatic, waveguide, and polarization mode dispersion.

A distortion of the signal-bearing light-pulse over lengths of multimode optical fiber. The light paths traveling the full width of the core will take longer to get to the receiver than those closer to the core.

An array of fine, parallel, equally-spaced reflecting or transmitting lines that mutually enhance the effects of diffraction to concentrate the diffracted light in a few directions determined by the spacing of the lines and by the wavelength of the light.

A data format that uses discrete varying signals to contain information.

Used primarily in OLT and ONT of an FTTx network to combine or separate the 1310-nm detection and 1490-nm transmission of voice and data streams and includes an internal WDM module for wavelength separation.

A fiber-optic coupler that preferentially transmits light in one direction.

The suppression backreflections, generally measured in dB. If a 0 dBm signal passes through a coupler with 50 dB directionality, only -50 dBm will pass in the wrong direction.

The cause of bandwidth limitations in a fiber. Dispersion causes a broadening of input pulses along the length of the fiber. Two major types are (a) modal dispersion caused by differential optical path lengths in a multimode fiber; and (b) material dispersion caused by a differential delay of wavelengths in a waveguide material.

A optical passive device designed to provide a solution to dispersion problems in high speed and long distance installations. They can be fixed using an FBG, or tunable for ROADM applications.

A specialized optical fiber with a negative dispersion, which counters the effects of standard positive dispersion (G.652 and G.655) single-mode fibers.

A module that incorporates a chirped FBG and an optical circulator, which act as an individual wavelength or channel filter.

A single-mode fiber manufactured with its best dispersion characteristics at 1550 nm instead of 1300 nm to take advantage of lower attenuation at 1550-nm wavelength.

A change in the shape of a signal’s waveform.

A type of laser using an internal grating to reduce line width of the laser that may be used for analog applications, e.g., AM/FM/DWDM applications.

A kind of internet connection that uses the phone lines to transmit data. DSL came right after dialup connections and was the first high speed internet connection. Speeds top out at 5-7 Mbps.

Transmission in both directions, either one direction at a time (half duplex) or both directions simultaneously (full duplex).

For an optical instrument, defined as the ratio (in dB) of the smallest signal that can be observed at a specified wavelength separation in the presence of a strong, nearly-saturating signal.

The “extended” DWDM transmission band that uses the 1360 to 1460 nm wavelength range.

E-mail are messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network.

A solid-state optical switch with no moving parts and a very fast response time.

The frequency spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that extends from subsonic frequency to X-rays. This term should not be used instead of the term RFI.

Surface condition at the optical conductor face.

The optical power loss caused by distance between the end of a fiber and a source, detector, or another fiber.

An optical amplifier that uses active erbium doped fiber and a pump source (laser) to boost or amplify the optical signal.

Used in wavelength lockers, the etalon is a Fabry-Perot filter paired with a beamsplitter cube.

A data communications protocol originally developed for premises and local access networks (IEEE 802.3) operating at speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps. It was originally developed for peer-to-peer communications using shared media over relatively short distances. Ethernet features variable length packets that allow data to be sent with less overhead.

The amount of light lost in a coupler, beyond that inherent in the splitting to multiple output fibers.

Loss caused by imperfect alignment of fibers in a connector or splice such as lateral offset, angular misalignment, end separation, and end finish. Generally synonymous with insertion loss.

A diagram that shows the proper function of a digital system.  The openness of the eye relates to the Bit Error Rate (BER) that can be achieved.

A standard laser diode consisting of a semiconductor cleaved on each end forming a resonant chamber to create the lasing effect. Used in digital applications.

An optical cavity similar to a laser but without the laser gain medium. It consists of two partially-transparent mirror aligned to be parallel so that they bounce light back and forth. Interference effects select wavelengths that resonate within the cavity.

Facebook is a social network platform where all the users can connect with their friends and family from all over the world. It allows much more features today ranking from commerce, advertising, chatting etc.Facebook is a social network platform where all the users can connect with their friends and family from all over the world. It allows much more features today ranking from commerce, advertising, chatting etc.

Under Fair Usage Policy (FUP), data download limit is generally kept high so that majority of the customers do not reach that limit. At the time when the customers reach to certain data transfer limit (defined in their plan), speed will be reduced as described in the plan while unlimited data download is guaranteed at reduced (lowered) speed.

Also called turn-off time.  The time required for the trailing edge of a pulse to fall from 90% to 10% of its amplitude; the time required for a component to produce such a result.

Materials that rotate the plane of polarization differently depending on which direction light is passing through them.

An all-optical amplifier using erbium or other doped fibers and pump lasers to increase signal output power without electronic conversion.

A piece of photorefractive fiber that is exposed to high-intensity ultraviolet interference patterns that will cause it to reflect a specific wavelength while being transparent to all other wavelengths. Used in WDM systems.

A type of internet connection that is produced from a thin glass fibers to transmit data.It has a huge capacity to tranfer a huge volumes of data during very short time period.

A sensing device in which the active sensing element is an optical element attached directly to an optical fiber. The measured quantity changes the optical properties of the fiber so that it can be detected and measured.

A topological reference to a PON network that supports multiple subscribers in a single structure, i.e., a business or a building.

Distribution of communication services by providing fiber-optic links to a central point in each neighborhood and continuing to the homes by either twisted pair or coax

The distribution of communications services by providing fiber-optic links all the way to each house.

Specific substandards within the TIA/EIA 455 standard, used predominantly for test and measurement.

Light transmission through optical fibers for communications purposes.

A high-speed interconnection standard for connecting supercomputers with peripheral devices up to 10 km away at transmission rates over 1 Gbps.

It is a special system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. You can implement a firewall in either hardware or software form.,You can also combine them. Firewalls prevent unauthorized internet users from accessing private networks connected to the internet, especially intranets.

A communication technique used to compensate for a noisy transmission channel.  Extra information is sent along with the primary data payload to correct for errors that occur in transmission.

A nonlinearity common in DWDM systems where myultiple wavelengths mix together to form new wavelengths called interfering products.  Interfering products that fall on the original signal wavelength become mixed with the signal, mudding the signal and causing attenuation.  Interfering products on either side of the original wavelength can be filtered out.  FWM is most prevalent near the zero-dispersion wavelength and at close wavelength spacings.

A collective name for a group of non-linear processes where up to three different incident waves interact in the medium, leading to a fourth resulting wave.

A number of cycle for a unit of time. Can be expressed with Hertz. 1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second.

Reflection of a portion of incident light at a planar interface between two homogeneous media having different refractive indices.

A technology platform based on the use of spectrally enriched optical pulses for signal transmission at speeds of 10 Gbps and higher.

Used to measure the spectral width of light sources. Measure the spectral width at -3 dB (half power from peak) and at the full width of the source’s power peak.

An instrument that permanently bonds two fibers together by heating and fusing them.

GBps is commonly used as an abbreviation for gigabytes per second.

One billion bits.

A unit of frequency equal to one billion Hertz.

Bluetooth
Blootooth is a standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices. This wireless technology enables digital devices to easily transfer files at high speed. It is common in many portable devices such as laptops, PDAs, mobile phones, smartphones and tablets.

Broadband
Just other term being used to describe high speed internet service.

Cable Internet
Cable is a high speed connection that enables you to access the internet. It uses the same type of cable (connection) to access cable TV.

Cloud Storage
That actually means that third party servers that are made available for digital (data/file) storage of data. For example, you can store your family photos and important documents at those servers without buying expensive own devices..

Coverage Map
A map that shows you where you can go (or live) and still have a use of the internet or a 3G or 4G wireless network. Each internet service provider will have his own and  unique coverage map.

Data
A general expression to describe content that someone might upload or download to their computer or phone via the internet, such as videos, emails, web pages and music.

DSL
A kind of internet connection that uses the phone lines to transmit data. DSL came right after dialup connections and was the first high speed internet connection. Speeds top out at 5-7 Mbps.

E-mail
E-mail are messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network.

Facebook (Facebook on Myanmar)
Facebook is a social network platform where all the users can connect with their friends and family from all over the world. It allows much more features today ranking from commerce, advertising, chatting etc.

Fiber Optics
A type of internet connection that is produced from a thin glass fibers to transmit data.It has a huge capacity to tranfer a huge volumes of data during very short time period.

Firewall
It is a special system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. You can implement a firewall in either hardware or software form.,You can also combine them. Firewalls prevent unauthorized internet users from accessing private networks connected to the internet, especially intranets.

Fair Usage Policy
Under Fair Usage Policy (FUP), data download limit is generally kept high so that majority of the customers do not reach that limit. At the time when the customers reach to certain data transfer limit (defined in their plan), speed will be reduced as described in the plan while unlimited data download is guaranteed at reduced (lowered) speed.

GBps
GBps is commonly used as an abbreviation for gigabytes per second.

Gbps
Gbps is commonly used as an abbreviation for gigabits per second.

Guaranteed internet speed
It is a download speed at the rate at which data is transferred to your BT Hub. This will vary throughout the day and is likely to be slower during busy periods, especially between 8-10pm.

Google Chrome
It is a browser from Google. It is an open source program for accessing the World Wide Web and running Web-based applications.It was released in 2008 and issues several updates a year. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Android and iOS operating systems.

Hosting
A web host, or web hosting service provider, is a business that provides the technologies and services needed for the website or webpage to be viewed in the Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on special computers called servers. ... If you do not have a domain, the hosting companies will help you purchase one.

Hotspot
Hotspots are the areas where there is a wireless (wi-fi) internet signal available.

Internet
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks

Interner browser
A web browser is a software program that allows a user to locate, access, and display web pages

Internet Service Provider
A company that provides internet access.

Intranet
An intranet is a private network contained within a company that is used to securely share company information and computing resources among employees. An intranet is also used to facilitate working in groups and teleconferences.

IP address
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

IPTV
Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is the delivery of television content over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. This is in contrast to delivery through traditional terrestrial, satellite, and cable television formats. Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously.

ISDN
ISDN means  "Integrated Services Digital Network." ISDN is a telecommunications technology that enables the transmission of digital data over standard phone lines. It is used widely for voice calls as well as data transfers.

kb/s
kilobyte per second (kB/s) is a unit of data transfer rate equal to: 8,000 bits per second. 1,000 bytes per second. 8 kilobits per second.

kbit/s
The abbreviation bps is often used to mean bit/s, so that when a 1 Mbps connection is advertised, it usually means that the maximum achievable bandwidth is 1 Mbit/s(one million bits per second), which is 0.125 MB/s (megabyte per second), or about 0.1192 MiB/s (mebibyte per second).

Latency
The amount of delay for data to make a round trip. Usually measured in ms (milliseconds) when used when talking about internet connections. It is ussually much more important than the internet speed.

Linux
It is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer's hardware.

LTE
It is an abbreviation for long term evolution. A technology used for mobile internet. LTE is a 4G wireless communications standard developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) that's designed to provide up to 10x the speeds of 3G networks for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, netbooks, notebooks and wireless hotspots.

mb/s
It is an abbreviation of megabyte per second (MB/s) is a unit of data transfer rate equal to: 8,000,000 bits per second. 1,000,000 bytes per second. 1,000 kilobytes per second. 8 megabits per second.

mbit/s
The abbreviation bps is often used to mean bit/s, so that when a 1 Mbps connection is advertised, it usually means that the maximum achievable bandwidth is 1 Mbit/s(one million bits per second), which is 0.125 MB/s (megabyte per second)

The Difference between a Megabyte (MB) and a Megabit (Mb)
The difference between a Gigabyte (GB) and a Gigabit (Gb) is the same, with aGigabyte being 8 times larger than a Gigabit. Mbps means megabits per second. Mbis used for download and upload speed. MBps stands for megabytes per second.

Modem
A piece of equipment that changes analog waves to digital so that it can display on your computer. A modem connects you to the internet.

Mozilla Firefox
Firefox is a Web browser that is smaller, faster, and in some ways more secure than the Mozilla browser from which much of its code was originally derived. Compared to Internet Explorer, the most popular Web browser, Firefox gives users a cleaner interface and faster download speeds.

Peak Usage Time
The time of day when most people are using the internet simultaneously, usually after work in between 8-midnight.

Ping Rate
The ping is the reaction time of your connection–how fast you get a response after you have sent out a request. A fast ping means a more responsive connection, especially in applications where timing is everything (like video games). Ping is measured in milliseconds (ms). It is as well another term to describe latency.

Router
An optional piece of equipment that sits between your modem and computer that takes the signal and sends it to other computers on your network wirelessly. Enterprise routers connect large organizations' networks to these core routers. It is a lower-capacity device that resides at the boundary of a LAN and connects it to a the public internet or a private wide area network (WAN) and/or external local area network (LAN).

Safari
It is a graphical web browser developed by Apple. First released on desktop in 2003 with Mac OS X Panther, a mobile version has been introduced with iOS devices since the iPhone's introduction in 2007. Safari is the default browser on Apple devices.

Speed of internet
The performance of an Internet connection, which is based on the number of bytes per second that data travels from the user's device to the Internet (upload) and from the Internet (download). Depending on the type of connection, the speed differs dramatically. The download rate is higher than the upload, because a short request to the website (upload) results in a much larger download of Web pages, images and videos.

Surge protector
It is an appliance that protects computers from power surges and brownouts by providing a buffer between a power source and the computer. it is highly recommended in Myanmar when the electricity is in a poor shape.

VoIP
Stands for voice over internet protocol. A way to talk to someone on the phone using a microphone or web camera over the internet.

WI-FI
WiFi works off of the same principal as other wireless devices - it uses radio frequencies to send signals between devices.

It is a browser from Google. It is an open source program for accessing the World Wide Web and running Web-based applications.It was released in 2008 and issues several updates a year. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Android and iOS operating systems.

A type of fiber where the refractive index of the fiber core decreases radically towards the outside of the fiber.

A graded-index lens, a lens where the refractive index varies along its length.

It is a download speed at the rate at which data is transferred to your BT Hub. This will vary throughout the day and is likely to be slower during busy periods, especially between 8-10pm.Sometimes it is called shared internet speed.

A telecommunication technology in which optical fiber and coaxial cable are used in different sections of the network to carry broadband contrent.

A web host, or web hosting service provider, is a business that provides the technologies and services needed for the website or webpage to be viewed in the Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on special computers called servers. ... If you do not have a domain, the hosting companies will help you purchase one.

Hotspots are the areas where there is a wireless (wi-fi) internet signal available.

A transmission system or cable construction that incorporates both fiber-optic transmission components and copper coax transmission components.

A communications path or the signal sent over that path. Through multiplexing several channels, voice channels can be transmitted over an optical channel.

In laser diodes, the shift of the lasers center wavelength during single pulse durations.

The variation in the velocity of light (group velocity) as a function of wavelength. It causes pulses of a modulated laser source to broaden when traveling within the fiber, up to a point where pulses overlap and bit error rate increases. CD is a limiting factor in high-speed transmission and must be properly compensated, which implies proper testing.

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material. When light strikes the surface of a transparent material, some light is reflected while some is bent (refracted) as it enters. The I is used to calibrate OTDRs for measuring fiber length.

Light wavelengths extending from 770 nm on.

Total optical power loss caused by the insertion of an optical component such as a connector, splice or coupler into a previously continuous path. Measured in dB.

A committee that represents the United States on the ISO in the areas of electrical or electronic standards.

A measurement instrument that projects interference bands across the face of fiber-optic connector. The bands are used to determine the centering, angle of apex offset and radius of curvature of the fiber-optic connector.

An optical passive multiplexer that combines sets of even and odd channels with tight channel spacings.

An international body funded by the United Nations, that provides consistent worldwide standards. U.S. membership is provided by ANSI.

The international body for communications standards. The Telecommunications group within ITU is designated as ITU-T. Formerly known as CCITT.

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks
 

A web browser is a software program that allows a user to locate, access, and display web pages

A company that provides internet access.

An intranet is a private network contained within a company that is used to securely share company information and computing resources among employees. An intranet is also used to facilitate working in groups and teleconferences.

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is the delivery of television content over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. This is in contrast to delivery through traditional terrestrial, satellite, and cable television formats. Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously.

ISDN means  "Integrated Services Digital Network." ISDN is a telecommunications technology that enables the transmission of digital data over standard phone lines. It is used widely for voice calls as well as data transfers.

A fiber-optic component that either allows only unidirectional passing of light or that passes only some wavelengths of light.

Also called Packet Delay Variation (PDV), jitter frequency is a measure of the variability in ping over time. Jitter is not usually noticeable when reading text, but when streaming and gaming a high jitter can result in buffering and other interruptions. ... Jitter testing is available with Speedtest desktop apps.
Acceptable jitter simply refers to the willingness to accept irregular fluctuations in transferring data. For best performance, the jitter must be kept below 20 milliseconds. If this exceeds 30 milliseconds, then it will cause a noticeable impact on the quality of any real-time conversation that a user may have.

kilobyte per second (kB/s) is a unit of data transfer rate equal to: 8,000 bits per second. 1,000 bytes per second. 8 kilobits per second.

The abbreviation bps is often used to mean bit/s, so that when a 1 Mbps connection is advertised, it usually means that the maximum achievable bandwidth is 1 Mbit/s(one million bits per second), which is 0.125 MB/s (megabyte per second), or about 0.1192 MiB/s (mebibyte per second).

The amount of delay for data to make a round trip. Usually measured in ms (milliseconds) when used when talking about internet connections. It is ussually much more important than the internet speed.

It is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer's hardware.

It is an abbreviation for long term evolution. A technology used for mobile internet. LTE is a 4G wireless communications standard developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) that's designed to provide up to 10x the speeds of 3G networks for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, netbooks, notebooks and wireless hotspots.

It is an abbreviation of megabyte per second (MB/s) is a unit of data transfer rate equal to: 8,000,000 bits per second. 1,000,000 bytes per second. 1,000 kilobytes per second. 8 megabits per second.

The abbreviation bps is often used to mean bit/s, so that when a 1 Mbps connection is advertised, it usually means that the maximum achievable bandwidth is 1 Mbit/s(one million bits per second), which is 0.125 MB/s (megabyte per second)

A piece of equipment that changes analog waves to digital so that it can display on your computer. A modem connects you to the internet.

Firefox is a Web browser that is smaller, faster, and in some ways more secure than the Mozilla browser from which much of its code was originally derived. Compared to Internet Explorer, the most popular Web browser, Firefox gives users a cleaner interface and faster download speeds.

The time of day when most people are using the internet simultaneously, usually after work in between 8-midnight.

The ping is the reaction time of your connection–how fast you get a response after you have sent out a request. A fast ping means a more responsive connection, especially in applications where timing is everything (like video games). Ping is measured in milliseconds (ms). It is as well another term to describe latency.

An optional piece of equipment that sits between your modem and computer that takes the signal and sends it to other computers on your network wirelessly. Enterprise routers connect large organizations' networks to these core routers. It is a lower-capacity device that resides at the boundary of a LAN and connects it to a the public internet or a private wide area network (WAN) and/or external local area network (LAN).

It is a graphical web browser developed by Apple. First released on desktop in 2003 with Mac OS X Panther, a mobile version has been introduced with iOS devices since the iPhone's introduction in 2007. Safari is the default browser on Apple devices.

The performance of an Internet connection, which is based on the number of bytes per second that data travels from the user's device to the Internet (upload) and from the Internet (download). Depending on the type of connection, the speed differs dramatically. The download rate is higher than the upload, because a short request to the website (upload) results in a much larger download of Web pages, images and videos.

It is an appliance that protects computers from power surges and brownouts by providing a buffer between a power source and the computer. it is highly recommended in Myanmar when the electricity is in a poor shape.

The difference between a Gigabyte (GB) and a Gigabit (Gb) is the same, with aGigabyte being 8 times larger than a Gigabit. Mbps means megabits per second. Mbis used for download and upload speed. MBps stands for megabytes per second.

Stands for voice over internet protocol. A way to talk to someone on the phone using a microphone or web camera over the internet.

WiFi works off of the same principal as other wireless devices - it uses radio frequencies to send signals between devices.

A micron; a millionth of a meter. Common unit of measurement for fiber-optic diameters.